Some more besides the new sapphire/ruby ores:

Fossil

Decorative block, semi-common underground. Currently has no purpose, just for world-decor to make caves slightly more lively.

Crate

Found semi-common randomly generated underground. When broken, they will drop a random crate item such as a Bomb Bag, Ropes or rare items like Spring Shoes. However, you are more likely to receive bombs or ropes than something valuable like Spectacles.

Bomb Box

Found rarely from crates or craftable for compacting reasons. It can be uncrafted into four Bomb Bags, which can be further uncrafted into bombs or right-click used to get bombs in inventory.

Box of Flares

Semi-uncommonly found underground and emits light. Drops three flares when mined. Destroyed if placed in water or falls into water. Flares are throwable objects, emit light in hand (if config-enabled) and can be thrown to produce a flare block. Handy when you need to light up a spot across a massive gap, huh?

Cave Chest

Semi-commonly found underground. Breaks instantly and drops a few gems (sometimes large, more usually small ones) along with an empty chest projectile-item. Vaults have a variant that instead drops 8 random large gems (emeralds, sapphires, rubies, diamonds). Non-vault chests have a 0.5% chance of spawning a live bomb on you upon opening.

Golden Idol

Found underground semi-rarely in Golden Idol structures...which are booby-trapped. They slow you down temporarily upon pickup (config-togglable) and can be crafted into 10 gold ingots.

Spikes

Nearly indestructible hazard but can be destroyed by explosions. They can walked on from the same level but falling onto them will instantly kill you.

Push Block

Carved stone block affected by gravity. If it falls on you, it's an instant kill!

Powder Box

Randomly generated traps, stuffed full of highly reactive gunpowder. They are more dangerous than TNT as they explode instantly upon being hit by the player or ranged-ammo and will also explode if they fall and land.

Treasure

Various kinds of treasure. Ruby/sapphire are primarily dropped by their ores but you can also find small gems and sometimes large gems from pots, chests, etc.

Rope Pile

Obtainable from crates. Max stack of eight and gives eight ropes when consumed. Ropes can be used to throw and launch rope, which are climbable semi-solid blocks affected by gravity.

Bombs and Bomb Bags

Bombs are obtained from crates. Throwable item, explodes when it hits a block/player/entity. Also has sticky/bouncy variants, craftable using bombs with respectively Bomb Paste/Slime Balls.

Bomb Bags are obtained from crates or made via compacting three bombs. Primarily acts as a storage/source of bombs as they can both be right-click used to give three bombs or putting three bombs in a crafting grid will produce a Bomb Bag to compact them.

Bomb Paste

Dropped from crates, rarely spiders or more commonly cave/mineshaft spiders. Can be used with bombs to craft sticky bombs and each bomb paste can be used 64 times before being depleted completely.

Parachute

Non-usable item that auto-activates if you fall +3 blocks. It will be consumed on use and automatically set your fall-height to 0 before landing, preventing any fall damage on activation.

Mattock

Obtained from crates. Has durability halfway between stone/iron and twice the mining speed of gold pickaxes. When they break, they drop an reusable throwing item called Mattock Heads. They can also be used as a weapon.

Gem Tools

Craftable from sapphire, ruby or emerald. Not shown but you can also craft hoes. Emerald, sapphire and ruby respectively have the harvesting-level of stone, iron and diamond however their speed and durability is generally equivalent to being better than their vanilla equivalents.

Pitcher's Mitt

Off-hand slot gloves that adjust the aim of projectiles like rocks and skulls to be straight.

Climbing Gloves

Gloves that allow you to climb. When equipped in off-hand, stand against a +2 block high surface and hold right-click to climb.

Spring Shoes

Equipable boots-slot item that provides a Jump Boost effect when equipped.

Spectacles

Rare special glasses that give you permanent Night Vision when equipped.

Cape

Equipable chest-slot item that completely negates fall damage when equipped. Basically a permanent equipable version of the Parachute item.

Jetpack

Jetpack's are awesome! Right? When equipped in chest, jumping will make you levitate semi-quickly, allowing you to hover at a quickly ascending pace or reach places out of reach for you.

Whip

A standard weapon. Medium-high durability, easily craftable (two leather and a stick) and does 2.5 hearts of damage each strike.

Machete

Melee weapon. Does five hearts of damage and can cut through webs with ease.

Pistol

A much weaker version of the Shotgun. Does decent damage and ammo is much easier to craft, cost wise.

Shotgun

Rare and very powerful gun. Ammo is somewhat costly but each shot does 10 hearts of damage at max.

Webgun

A gun that fires cobwebs. Spawns climbable cobwebs on hit and entity-hit stuns enemies.

Freeze Ray

A gun that fires blasts of ice. Projectiles spawn ice and stun enemies for a period.